AniMAL models- Madeline, O.
- Mouse Model- They are mice with heterozygous knockout of the alpha-isoform of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (αCaMKII). They are used to study in research for bipolar disorder because their genetic basis allows for them to closely resemble people with bipolar disorder. (First Reference)
- Rat Model- This model is based on oscillations in the responses of rats to intermittent cocaine injections. There is merit to this model, but it also has significant problems. Oscillations have been shown only in very limited measures that appear to be poorly related to bipolar disorder symptoms. This shortcoming, as well as the time frame required to generate the model, has limited its utility and use by the scientific community.(Second Reference)
- Mouse Model- To test whether accumulation of mtDNA deletions in the brain can cause bipolar disorder, they generated transgenic mice with neuron-specific expression of mutant Polg (D181A). These mice showed altered diurnal activity rhythm and periodic activity change associated with the estrous cycle. The phenotypes were got worse when the administered a tricyclic antidepressant, but improved after lithium treatment. These mice were mainly used to test drugs that could potentially become a treatment for bipolar disorder.(Third Reference)
Fujita Health University, ICMS(2016, March 29). Infradian oscillation of circadian genes in a mouse model of bipolar disorder. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/03/160329132236.htm.
Gould, T. D., & Einat, H. (2007). Animal Models Of Bipolar Disorder and Mood Stabilizer Efficacy. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2150564/
Kato, T., Kubota, M., & Kasahara, T. (2007). Animal models of bipolar disorder. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17466374